Handicap : Trouver la bonne texture pour préserver le plaisir et la sécurité

Temps de lecture : 4 min

Les textures jouent un rôle important dans la vie quotidienne des personnes handicapées, en particulier celles qui présentent des troubles de la déglutition ou de la mastication. Les textures peuvent influencer non seulement l’expérience alimentaire, mais aussi la sécurité et l’apport nutritionnel.  

Conseils pour prendre en charge les troubles de la mastication-déglutition  

Mastication et déglutition sont des fonctions interdépendantes : il convient donc de parler de troubles de la mastication-déglutition et de les évaluer simultanément. 

L’objectif d’une prise en charge des personnes en situation de handicap et ayant des troubles de la mastication-déglutition est de faciliter les repas tout en stimulant les capacités encore fonctionnelles. Voici quelques stratégies à mettre en place pour proposer des textures adaptées aux personnes en situation de handicap. 

  1. Évaluation avec un professionnel de santé : Consultez un orthophoniste pour évaluer les besoins spécifiques en matière de texture et obtenir des recommandations adaptées.  
  1. Adaptation des repas : Modifiez la consistance des aliments pour les rendre plus faciles à avaler ou à déglutir selon les cas.  
  1. Respect du rythme et des besoins des personnes : Créez un environnement de repas agréable et sans stress pour encourager la personne à manger en petites quantités et à son propre rythme. 
  1. Installer une surveillance continue de l’état nutritionnel : La surveillance régulière de l’état nutritionnel et de la sécurité alimentaire est essentielle afin de proposer les bons repas et les bons aliments, pour éviter tout risque de dénutrition.  

Depuis 2013, s’est créé l’IDDSI, un projet international pour standardiser les textures adaptées à la dysphagie et les liquides épaissis, à destination de tous les professionnels de santé et aux industriels afin de parler le même langage pour l’appellation et la consistance des textures. Elle permet également de classifier les différentes textures à partir d’un grade établi entre 0 et 7. 

source : iddsi.org

Les différents types de texture : les stimulants de la déglutition 

L’intérêt de proposer une texture adaptée est de prévenir les risques de fausses routes ou autres complications directes liées à la déglutition. Une personne présentant des troubles de la mastication – déglutition s’expose aussi à des risques de déshydratation et de dénutrition.  En effet, la peur ou de lassitude peuvent s’installer et impacter l’envie de manger ou de s’hydrater. Proposer des textures adaptées permet donc d’assurer un juste équilibre entre plaisir et sécurité. 

Il existe plusieurs types de textures alimentaires qui peuvent être adaptées pour répondre aux besoins spécifiques des personnes handicapées  

  1. Textures lisses et homogènes : ces textures sont souvent utilisées pour les personnes qui peuvent rencontrer des difficultés à mâcher ou à avaler. Les purées, les soupes et les smoothies en sont des exemples. Ces aliments sont faciles à avaler et réduisent le risque d’étouffement. 
  1. Textures épaisses : les aliments épaissis, comme les yaourts ou les puddings, peuvent aider à stimuler la déglutition. Ils sont plus faciles à contrôler dans la bouche. 
  1. Textures mixtes : certains aliments peuvent combiner des textures lisses et des morceaux plus solides, comme les compotes avec des morceaux de fruits. Ces textures peuvent être stimulantes pour les personnes qui ont besoin de plus de variété sensorielle. 
  1. Textures croquantes : pour certaines personnes, les textures croquantes peuvent être agréables et stimulantes. Cependant, elles doivent être introduites avec précaution pour éviter les risques d’étouffement. 

Conclusion

Les textures alimentaires jouent un rôle vital dans la nutrition et la sécurité des personnes handicapées. Une approche personnalisée et professionnelle est essentielle pour garantir que les besoins individuels soient satisfaits, tout en évitant les risques de dénutrition. 

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